Effective Samples

Introduction

This document defines samples standards for the code samples of Google Cloud.

It encourages recommended practices for authoring code intended to teach others. By consistently applying these practices, the collection of samples as a whole becomes more approachable.

All samples should make best-efforts to achieve the following goals wherever possible:

Copy-paste-runnable - Users should be able to copy, paste, and run the code in their environment with as few changes as possible. Samples should be as easy as possible for a user to run.
Teach through code - Samples should teach users both how and why specific best practices should be implemented and performed when interacting with our services.
Idiomatic - Samples should encourage idiomatic and best practices specific to language, framework, or service.

Principles

These principles apply in descending order of priority:

Clarity: The code’s purpose and rationale is clear to the reader
Idiomaticity: The code should be written using idiomatic, community-driven coding practices
Consistency: The code has the same implementation from language-to-language
Simplicity: The code accomplishes its goal in the simplest way possible
Portability: The code should be able to run locally or in the Cloud
Maintainability: The code is written such that it can be easily maintained

Considering idiomatic code vs. consistent samples across languages

Code samples should use preferred code patterns that are idiomatic to the particular language (e.g., promises, futures, static API calls from singletons, builders). This may result in samples that are radically different from language-to-language. Err on the side of what is idiomatic to the language, though cross-language consistency does not hurt. Generally, do things “the way the community does it.”

Sample Categories

There are two categories of samples covered in this guide:

✂︎ Snippets: A snippet is a standalone slice of code that demonstrates a specific Cloud operation.
🧩 Patterns: A pattern demonstrates a use case through multiple slices of code, such as a sample application. Individual slices should follow snippet structure guidelines where it improves code clarity.

Metadata

Region tags

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Region tags define a slice of code as a snippet and which parts of the code are displayed from the documentation.

Each region identifier

Be globally unique
Be consistent across the same snippets in different languages
Begin with the product’s region tag prefix
Use snake case (snake_case)

When to use region tags

✂︎ Snippets: Region tags should contain as much of the sample as possible, so that a user can easily copy and paste the sample into their own environment to run it.
🧩 Patterns: Region tags should contain those slices of code that are shown in documentation.

Changing region tags

Region tags and the scope of code they contain are a documentation dependency.

Snippet Structure

Imports

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns (best effort)

Samples should include any import statements that the code depends on.

This is easiest to enforce/detect when the samples are in their own file. See the one sample per file guideline.

// Region tags should start after the package, but before imports.
// [START product_example]
import com.example.resource;

public class exampleSnippet {
// Snippet methods ...
}
// [END product_example]

# [START product_example]
import example

def example_snippet() -> None:
      # Snippet Content ...

# [END product_example]

package example

// Region tags should start after the package, but before imports.
// [START product_example]
import "example.com/resource"

func exampleSnippet() error {
    // Snippet Content ...
}

// [END product_example]

// [START product_example]
const resource = require('@google-cloud/example');

const exampleSnippet = function() {
    // Snippet content ...
}
// [END product_example]

// [START product_example]
using System;

public class ExampleSnippet
{
    // Snippet methods ...
}
// [END product_example]

# [START product_example]
require "example/resource"

def example_snippet
  # Snippet Content ...
end

# [END product_example]

// [START product_example]
use Example\Resource

function example_snippet() {
    // Snippet Content ...
}
// [END product_example]

# N/A

One snippet per file

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

A single file should only include one snippet. This keeps the end-to-end code relevant to the reader’s current learning need.

For languages that have import statements, this shows the minimal set of dependencies via import statements and helps reviewers validate the imports guideline.

Snippet description

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Each code snippet file should have a top-level comment that succinctly describes what the snippet does, including any setup (such as resources) required to make the sample work:

/**
* Moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.
*
* See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/quickstart-client-libraries before running the code snippet.
*/

// exampleSnippet moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.
//
// Comments should follow the best practices described in
// https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#commentary.

"""
Moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.

See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/quickstart-client-libraries before running the code snippet.
"""

/**
* Moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.
*
* See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/quickstart-client-libraries before running the code snippet.
*/

// Moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.

// See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/quickstart-client-libraries before
// running the code snippet.

# Moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.
#
# See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/quickstart-client-libraries before running the code snippet.

/**
 * Moves a persistent disk from one zone to another.
 *
 * See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/quickstart-client-libraries
 * before running the code snippet.
 */

/* 
Create a VM instance from a public image
in the `default` VPC network and subnet

See https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/create-start-instance
before running the code snippet.
*/

Minimal arguments

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Arguments should be limited to requirements for testing. In some cases, this is project-specific information (projectID) or the path to an external file (filePath).

Do not use arguments for values that can be hard-coded, such as the type of a file or an operation to perform.

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
public static void exampleSnippet(String projectId, String filePath) {
    // Snippet content ...
}

// exampleSnippet demonstrates best practices.
func exampleSnippet(projectID, filePath string) error {
    // Snippet content ...
}

# This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
def example_snippet(project_id: str, file_path: str) -> None:
    # Snippet content ...

function main() {
  // This argument is required, and should be declared
  const requiredArg = '...';

  exampleSnippet(requiredArg)
}

const exampleSnippet = function(requiredArg) {
  // Snippet content ...
}

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
public void Example(
    string projectId = "my-project-id,
    string filePath = "path/to/image.png")
{
    // Snippet content ...
}

##
# This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
#
# If any arguments are needed, document them using YARD format
# (https://yardoc.org) as illustrated below.
#
# @param project_id [String] The project ID (e.g. "my-project-id")
# @param file_path [String] Full path to input file (e.g. "/tmp/my-input.txt")
#
def example_snippet project_id:, file_path:
  # Snippet content ...
end

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
function example_snippet(string $projectId, string $filePath): void

/*  These are example snippets for showing best practices.
*
* Don't include the 'project' argument in resources. Rely on
* the 'GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT' environment variable as documented at
* https://cloud.google.com/docs/terraform/basic-commands.
*
* Some resources, such as `project_iam_*`, cannot infer the project ID.
* As a workaround, use the `data "google_project"` data source.
* In the following configuration, the `google_project.project` data source
* automatically looks up the project ID of the local project.
*
* Creates an IAM policy
*/

data "google_project" "project" {
}

data "google_iam_policy" "sql_iam_policy" {
  binding {
    ...
    condition {
      expression  = "resource.name == 'projects/${data.google_project.project.id}/instances/${google_sql_database_instance.default.name}'"
      ...
    }
  }
}

resource "google_project_iam_policy" "project" {
  project     = data.google_project.project.id
  policy_data = data.google_iam_policy.sql_iam_policy.policy_data
}

Process the result

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Methods should avoid a return type whenever possible. Instead, show the user how to interact with a returned object programmatically by printing example attributes to the console. Tests should use the output of the function to ensure that it works.

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
public static void exampleSnippet(String projectId, StringfilePath) {
    // Snippet content ...
}

// exampleSnippet demonstrates best practices.
// The function prints to an io.Writer for testing purposes. Do not print to
// stdout or stderr. Use the io.Writer instead.
func exampleSnippet(w io.Writer, projectID, filePath string) error {
    // Snippet content ...
    // Using the io.Writer looks like this:
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "The answer is %v\n", 42)
}

# This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
def example_snippet(project_id: str, file_path: str) -> None:
    # Snippet content ...

const exampleSnippet = function(projectId, filePath) {
  // Snippet content ...
  // (This snippet should not `return` anything.)
}

def example_snippet project_id:, file_path:
  # Snippet content ...
  response = client.example_action example_action_request
  puts "Got the following response #{response.details}"
end

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
public void Example(
    string projectId = "my-project-id,
    string filePath = "path/to/image.png")
{
    // Snippet content ...
    Console.WriteLine($"Example {data} for project: {projectId}");
}

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
function example_snippet(string $projectId, string $filePath): void
{
    // Snippet content ...
    printf(
        'Response values: %s, %s',
        $response->getExampleName(),
        $response->getExampleValue()
    );
}

# Output statement provide values that are generated after creating
# a resource. To keep it simple, they must be defined inline at the end of
# a  sample, not in a separate `outputs.tf` file.

output "domain_name_servers" {
  value = google_dns_managed_zone.default.name_servers
}
output "certificate_map" {
  value = google_certificate_manager_certificate_map.certificate_map.id
}

Arrange, Act, Assert

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Most samples should follow the “Arrange, Act, Assert” pattern as closely as possible. Composing samples into these discrete steps makes them more approachable to beginners:

Arrange - Create and configure the components for the request. Avoid nesting these components beyond 2-3 levels, it makes understanding the code more difficult.
Act - Send the request to the service and receive a response.
Assert - Verify that the call was successful and that the expected response was returned. This is typically done by printing some of the response to stdout.

// Lists the types of sensitive information the DLP API supports.
public static void listInfoTypes() throws IOException {
  // Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
  // once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
  // the "close" method on the client to safely clean up any remaining background resources.
  try (DlpServiceClient dlpClient = DlpServiceClient.create()) {

    // Construct the request to be sent by the client
    ListInfoTypesRequest listInfoTypesRequest =
        ListInfoTypesRequest.newBuilder()
            // Only return infoTypes supported by certain parts of the API.
            // Supported filters are "supported_by=INSPECT" and "supported_by=RISK_ANALYSIS"
            // Defaults to "supported_by=INSPECT"
            .setFilter("supported_by=INSPECT")
            // BCP-47 language code for localized infoType friendly names.
            // Defaults to "en_US"
            .setLanguageCode("en-US")
            .build();

    // Use the client to send the API request.
    ListInfoTypesResponse response = dlpClient.listInfoTypes(listInfoTypesRequest);

    // Parse the response and process the results
    System.out.println("Info types found:");
    for (InfoTypeDescription infoTypeDescription : response.getInfoTypesList()) {
      System.out.println("Name : " + infoTypeDescription.getName());
      System.out.println("Display name : " + infoTypeDescription.getDisplayName());
    }
  }
}

def list_info_type(
    language_code: Optional[str] = "en-US",
    result_filter: Optional[str] = "supported_by=INSPECT",
  ) -> None:
    """List types of sensitive information within a category."""

    # Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only
    # needs to be created once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After
    # completing all of your requests, call the "__exit__" method on the client to
    # safely clean up any remaining background resources. Alternatively, use the
    # client as a context manager. A single client can be shared across multiple threads.
    # In multiprocessing# scenarios, create client instances after forking.
    dlp_client = dlp_v2.DlpServiceClient()

    request = dlp_v2.ListInfoTypesRequest(
        # An optional filter to only return info types supported
        # by certain parts of the API. Supported filters are
        # "supported_by=INSPECT" and "supported_by=RISK_ANALYSIS". Defaults
        # to "supported_by=INSPECT".
        filter=result_filter,
        # The BCP-47 language code to use, e.g. 'en-US'.
        language_code=language_code,
    )

    # Use the client to send the API request
    info_types = dlp_client.list_info_types(request)

    # Parse the response and process the results
    print("Infotypes found:")
    for info_type in info_types:
        print(f"Name: {info_type.name}")
        print(f"Display name: {info_type.display_name}")

// Imports the Google Cloud Data Loss Prevention library
const {DlpServiceClient} = require('@google-cloud/dlp');

// Instantiates a reusable client object
const dlpClientInstance = new DlpServiceClient();

// Lists the types of sensitive information the DLP API supports.
async function listInfoTypes() {
  // Only return infoTypes supported by certain parts of the API.
  // Supported filters are:
  //   "supported_by=INSPECT"
  //   "supported_by=RISK_ANALYSIS"
  const filter = 'supported_by=INSPECT';

  // BCP-47 language code for localized infoType friendly names.
  // Defaults to "en_US"
  languageCode = 'en-us';

  // Perform the API request.
  const [response] = await dlpClientInstance.listInfoTypes({
    languageCode,
    filter
  });

  // Parse the response and process the results.
  const infoTypes = response.infoTypes;
  console.log('Info types:');
  infoTypes.forEach(infoType => {
    console.log(`\t${infoType.name} (${infoType.displayName})`);
  });
}

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"

    dlp "cloud.google.com/go/dlp/apiv2"
    dlppb "google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/privacy/dlp/v2"
)

// listInfoTypes lists the types of sensitive information the DLP API supports.
func listInfoTypes(w io.Writer) error {
    ctx := context.Background()
    // Initialize a client once and reuse it to send multiple requests. Clients
    // are safe to use across goroutines. When the client is no longer needed,
    // call the Close method to cleanup its resources.
    c, err := dlp.NewClient(ctx)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to initialize dlp.Client: %v", err)
        return err
    }
    defer c.Close()

    // Construct the request to be sent by the client
    req := &dlppb.ListInfoTypesRequest{
        // Only return infoTypes supported by certain parts of the API.
        // Supported filters are "supported_by=INSPECT" and "supported_by=RISK_ANALYSIS"
        // Defaults to "supported_by=INSPECT"
        Filter: "supported_by=INSPECT",
        // BCP-47 language code for localized infoType friendly names.
        // Defaults to "en_US"
        LanguageCode: "en-US",
    }

    resp, err := c.ListInfoTypes(ctx, req)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "c.ListInfoTypes failed: %v", err)
        return err
    }
    fmt.Fprintln(w, "Infotypes found:")
    for _, t := range resp.InfoTypes {
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "Name: %s\n", t.Name)
        fmt.Fprintf(w, "Display name: %s\n", t.DisplayName)
    }
}

// Lists the types of sensitive information the DLP API supports.
public ListInfoTypesResponse ListInfoTypes(
    string languageCode = "en-US",
    string filter = "supported_by=INSPECT")
{
    // Initialize the client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
    // once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
    var dlp = DlpServiceClient.Create();
    // Use the client to send the API request.
    var response = dlp.ListInfoTypes(
        // Construct the request to be sent by the client.
        new ListInfoTypesRequest
        {
            LanguageCode = languageCode,
            Filter = filter
        });

    // Parse the response and process the results.
    Console.WriteLine("Info Types:");
    foreach (var InfoType in response.InfoTypes)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"\t{InfoType.Name} ({InfoType.DisplayName})");
    }

    return response;
}

# Lists the types of sensitive information the DLP API supports.
def list_info_types

  # Initialize client that will be used to send requests.
  dlp_client = Google::Cloud::Dlp.dlp_service

  # Construct the request to be sent by the client
  list_info_types_request = {
    # BCP-47 language code for localized info_type friendly names.
    # Defaults to "en_US"
    parent: "en-US",

    # Supported filters are "supported_by=INSPECT" and "supported_by=RISK_ANALYSIS"
    # Defaults to "supported_by=INSPECT"
    filter: "supported_by=INSPECT"
  }

  # Use the client to send the API request.
  list_info_types_response = dlp_client.list_info_types request

  # Parse the response and process the results
  puts "Info types found:"
  list_info_types_response.info_types.each do |info_type|
    puts "Name : #{info_type.name}"
    puts "Display name: #{info_type.display_name}"
  end
end

use Google\Cloud\Dlp\V2\DlpServiceClient;

/**
 * Lists all Info Types for the Data Loss Prevention (DLP) API.
 */
function list_info_types(): void
{
    // Arrange: Instantiate a client.
    $dlp = new DlpServiceClient();

    // Arrange: Prepare the request parameters.
    $params = [
        // Only return infoTypes supported by certain parts of the API.
        // Supported filters: "supported_by=INSPECT" and "supported_by=RISK_ANALYSIS"
        'filter' =>'supported_by=INSPECT',

        // BCP-47 language code for localized infoType friendly names.
        // Defaults to "en_US"
        'languageCode' => 'en-US'
    ];

    // Act: Run the request.
    $response = $dlp->listInfoTypes($params);

    // Assert: Print the results.
    print('Info Types:' . PHP_EOL);
    foreach ($response->getInfoTypes() as $infoType) {
        printf(
            '  %s (%s)' . PHP_EOL,
            $infoType->getDisplayName(),
            $infoType->getName()
        );
    }
}

// Arrange: Set local values.
locals {
  name   = "example-namespace"
}

// Arrange: Create random value to help ensure unique resource names.
resource "random_id" "suffix" {
  byte_length = 4
}

// Act: Create the resources.
resource "google_project" "example_project" {
  name = "${local.name}"
  project_id = "${local.name}-{random_id.suffix.hex}"
}

// Assert: Print the results.
output "project_id" {
  value = google_project.example_project.id
}

No CLIs

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Do not include CLIs for running your sample. We expect developers to copy and paste code directly from cloud.google.com into their own environment.

Previous practice shows that CLIs are expensive to maintain and detract from the purpose of the snippet.

Code

Language compatibility

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Use features that work in all Google Cloud-supported versions of a language. Use language idioms that the community understands.

Exceptions to this should be capturing in code comments.

Useful comments

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Comments should be used as needed with the following guidelines:

Comments should add context not otherwise obvious from the code.
Comments should be readable and grammatically correct.
For values that the user may wish to configure, provide links to documentation that lists available options (and when to use them).

Authentication

Samples should always authenticate using Application Default Credentials. Most clients do this automatically, and no special steps are required.

If the code snippet is platform specific, explicitly show how to use that platform’s credentials.

// Most clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to showcase a specific
// credential source, show users how to do that explicitly.
GoogleCredentials credentials = GoogleCredentials.fromStream(new FileInputStream("/path/to/credentials.json"));

// Most clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to
// showcase a specific Go credential source, show users how to do that
// explicitly.
ctx := context.Background()
foo.NewClient(ctx, option.WithCredentialsFile("/path/to/credentials.json"))

# Most clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to
# showcase a specific credential source, show users how to do that explicitly.
from google.oauth2 import service_account

credentials = service_account.Credentials.from_service_account_file(
  "/path/to/credentials.json"
)

// Most clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to showcase a specific
// credential source, show users how to do that explicitly.
const keyFile = '/path/to/credentials.json';
const auth = new GoogleAuth({
  keyFile: keyFile,
  scopes: 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform',
});

// All clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to showcase a specific
// credential source, show users how to do that explicitly.
var credentials = GoogleCredential.FromFile("/path/to/credentials.json");

require "google/cloud/spanner"

# Most clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to showcase a specific
# credential source, show users how to do that explicitly.
Google::Cloud::Spanner.configure do |config|
  config.project_id  = "my-project-id"
  config.credentials = "path/to/keyfile.json"
end

client = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

// Most clients use ADC by default. However, if your application needs to showcase a specific
// credential source, show users how to do that explicitly.
$config = [
    'keyFilePath' => '/path/to/credentials.json',
    'projectId' => $projectId,
];
$storage = new StorageClient($config);

# Use application default credentials when running locally.
# When developers are locally iterating on Terraform configuration,
# they should authenticate by running `gcloud auth application-default login`
# to generate application default credentials. Don't download service account keys,
# because downloaded keys are harder to manage and secure.

Initializing Clients

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Code snippets should show users how to initialize (and clean up, if necessary) clients used by the user. Additionally, clients should contain a comment clarifying proper usage (such as if clients should be reused for multiple requests or if they are thread-safe).

// Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
// once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
// the "close" method on the client to safely clean up any remaining background resources,
// or use "try-with-close" statement to do this automatically.
try (CloudClient dlp = CloudClient.create()) {
  // make a request with the client
}

// Initialize a client once and reuse it to send multiple requests. Clients
// are safe to use across goroutines. When the client is no longer needed,
// call the Close method to cleanup its resources.
ctx := context.Background()
c, err := foo.NewClient(ctx)
if err != nil {
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to initialize foo.Client: %v", err)
    return err
}
defer c.Close()

// make a request with the client...

# NOTE FOR SAMPLE AUTHOR:
# **DO NOT include this comment block in the sample.**
# The comment below about clients applies to gRPC-based clients (clients with GAPIC_AUTO in .repo-metadata.json). 
# For google-api-python-client, see 
# https://googleapis.github.io/google-api-python-client/docs/thread_safety.html#the-httplib2http-objects-are-not-thread-safe. 
# For other libraries, consult with the library owner.

# Initialize client that will be used to send requests across threads. This
# client only needs to be created once, and can be reused for multiple requests.
# After completing all of your requests, call the "__exit__()" method to safely
# clean up any remaining background resources. Alternatively, use the client as
# a context manager.
with dlp_v2.DlpServiceClient() as dlp_client:
    # make a request with the client

// Imports the Google Cloud Data Loss Prevention library
const {DlpServiceClient} = require('@google-cloud/dlp');

// Instantiates a reusable client object in the global scope.
// (Node.js will automatically clean it up when the script terminates.)
const dlpClientInstance = new DlpServiceClient();

// Initialize the client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
// once, and can be reused for multiple requests across your entire application.

var client = Server.CreateClient();
// make a request with the client.

// If for any reason the client lifetime needs to be scoped to a single method,
// you can use a "using" statement or a "using" declaration.

// Example "using" statement.
using (var client = Server.CreateClient())
{
    // make a request with the client.
}

// Example "using" declaration, which will dispose of the resource
// when execution falls outside the enclosing statement block.
public void ExampleMethod()
{
    using var client = Server.CreateClient();
    // make a request with the client.
}

require "google/cloud/spanner"

# Initialize client that will be used to send requests. This client only needs to be created
# once, and can be reused for multiple requests. After completing all of your requests, call
# the "close" method on the client to safely clean up any remaining background resources.
spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
spanner_client = spanner.client spanner_instance_id, spanner_database_id
spanner_client.close

// Initialize client that will be used to send requests.
// This client only needs to be created once, reuse it for multiple requests.

$dlp = new DlpServiceClient();

# N/A

Cyclomatic Complexity

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Cyclomatic complexity is the measure of possible code paths. The more code paths, the more complex the code snippet, and the harder to understand and test. Flow control statements like conditionals (if/else), switches, and loops are examples of code that increases cyclomatic complexity.

Code snippets should have a single path demonstrating their purpose with no extra code.

Patterns should minimize cyclomatic complexity in implementing clear and simple code.

Error Handling

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Samples should include examples and details of how to catch and handle common errors that are the result of improper interactions between the client and service.

If there is no solution (or if the solution is too verbose to resolve in a sample) it is acceptable to either log or leave a comment explaining what the developer should do.

// Always catch the most specific type of Exception, instead of a more general one.
try {
  // Do something
} catch (IllegalArgumentException ok) {
  // IllegalArgumentException's are thrown when an invalid argument has been passed to a function. Ok to ignore.
}

// If the sample can run into errors, write the error message to the provided
// io.Writer. Don't call log.Fatal or friends.
if err != nil {
    // TODO(developer): return or handle error as necessary
    fmt.Fprintf(w, "failed to initialize foo.Client: %v", err)
    return err
}

# Catch the most specific type of Exception, instead of a more general one.
try:
    bucket = storage_client.get_bucket(bucket_name)
    bucket.delete()
except google.api_core.exceptions.NotFound:
    # NOTE TO SAMPLE AUTHOR: Make sure to log errors rather than silentily ignore
    print(f"Resource '{name}' already deleted.")

// Unhandled exceptions will cause Node.js to crash. Log exception
// messages via console.error(), and handle any non-fatal exceptions.
try {
  // Do something
} catch (e) {
  // Log the error to stdout
  console.error('Error:', e.message);

  // Reraise any fatal exceptions
  if (/* exception is fatal */) {
    throw e
  }
}

try
{
    // Do something
}
catch (ArgumentException e)
{
    //ArgumentException's are thrown when one of the arguments provided to a method is not valid.
    Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
}

# Catch the most specific type of Exception, instead of a more general one.
begin
  # Do something
rescue Google::Cloud::AlreadyExistsError
  # Do nothing if it already exists
end

// Catch the most specific type of Exception, instead of a more general one.
try {
    // Do something.
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
    // IllegalArgumentException is thrown when an invalid argument has been passed to a function.
}

/**
 * Rely on Terraform's default logging, both for our maintenance and for developer
 * practice.

 * Do not use try statements (https://developer.hashicorp.com/terraform/language/functions/try)
 * in Terraform samples.
*/

Linting

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Our code snippets should adhere to a style used by the language communities. We prefer to enforce style using standard linters that are popular in the community.

Follow the Google JavaScript Style Guide and the Google TypeScript Style Guide.

Tooling available at google/gts.

Follow the Google Java Style Guide. Tooling available at google/google-java-format.

We follow the PSR-1 and PSR-2 community coding standards, with one notable exception:

The function names for samples are in snake_case rather than camelCase, in order to differentiate them from class methods.

Portability

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Each of the major operating systems are well-represented among GCP users. To provide a good user experience, our code snippets need to work on multiple operating systems.

Our code snippets may be executed in multiple hosting environments, such as App Engine, Cloud Functions, Cloud Run, Kubernetes Engine, Compute Engine, Cloud Shell, other cloud providers, and local machines.

Where possible, code snippets should work across environments and hosting platforms. Code snippets should point out any differences between platforms via code comments and use platform-agnostic libraries and code constructs.

Examples of portable practices include:

Use the language’s standard path library to construct file paths
Do not directly rely on POSIX system calls
Handle case-sensitivity differences
Avoid platform-specific APIs

Exceptions to this are for samples illustrating platform-specific functionality.

Testing

Coverage

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Code snippets should have reasonable test coverage and all critical code paths should have integration tests that test against the production service.

Dedicated testing per snippet

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Each test case should cover a single snippet.

Multiple related snippets may be placed in a shared file with common setup and teardown steps.

Language-specific practices

Easy run function

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Any declared function arguments should include a no-arg, main method with examples for how the user can initialize the method arguments and call the entrypoint for the snippet. If the values for these variables need to be replaced by the user, be explicit that they are example values only. Wherever possible, provide a link to documentation that enumartes the options.

// [START product_example]
import com.example.resource;

public static void main(String[] args) {
    // TODO(developer): Replace these variables before running the sample.
    String projectId = "my-project-id";
    String filePath = "path/to/image.png";
    exampleSnippet(projectId, filePath);
}

// This is an example snippet for showing best practices.
public static void exampleSnippet(String projectId, String filePath) {
    // Snippet content ...
}
// [END product_example]

// TODO

Easy run function

Applies to: Snippets

Samples with function parameters should show how to prepare parameter values and call the function. Do this from a callSample() function below the main sample code. Do not include significant logic in the callSample() function, and do not write tests for it.

Direct the developer to change the parameter values from the provided examples.

Where possible, provide a link to documentation that explains the options.

// [START product_example]

/**
 * Example snippet showing the easy run function rule.
 *
 * @param string $projectId         Google Cloud Project
 * @param string $filePath          Path to file for processing
 */
function example_snippet(string $projectId, string $filePath): void
{
    // Snippet content ...
}

/**
 * TODO(developer): Replace sample parameters before running the code.
 */
function callSample(): void
{
    $projectId = 'your-project-id';
    $filePath = 'path/to/image.png';
    example_snippet($projectId, $region);
}
// [END product_example]

Named entrypoint

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Each Ruby sample should include an entrypoint method with the same name as the sample file. (It may include helper methods if appropriate for readability.) The entrypoint method should appear at the top level of the file rather than within a class.

Example snippet with file name read_a_file.rb:

##
# This is the entrypoint.
#
# @param file_path [String] Full path to input file (e.g. "/tmp/my-input.txt")
#
def read_a_file file_path:
  content = File.read file_path
  puts "Contents: #{content}"
end

Testing practices

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Each Ruby sample should have its own separate test file. Sample tests should use the Minitest framework, and should be located in a file named <sample-name>_test.rb under the acceptance directory.

Be aware that sample methods are defined at the top level and would thus be added to the Object class if the file is loaded directly. In most cases, tests should define a temporary class and load the sample in that class. Ruby repositories may provide tools to help with this process, but it can also be done with eval.

Example test: acceptance/read_a_file.rb:

require "minitest/autorun"
require "tmpdir"

# Load the sample into this class so the method isn't defined on Object.
class ReadAFileSample
  sample_file = File.read "#{__dir__}/../read_a_file.rb"
  eval sample_file
end

describe "#read_a_file" do
  # Test the critical code paths
  it "reads a file" do
    Dir.mktmpdir do |dir|
      File.write "#{dir}/my-test.txt", "Hello, Ruby!"
      assert_output "Contents: Hello, Ruby!\n" do
        ReadAFileSample.new.read_a_file file_path: "#{dir}/my-test.txt"
      end
    end
  end
end

Don’t use `null_resource`

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Do not include CLI commands (such as gcloud or kubectl) inside of your sample via the null_resource resource.

There are some products without Terraform support. Do not include those products in Terraform samples.

No global variables

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Don’t include global Terraform variables (var.VARIABLE_NAME).

Explanation

Global variables become part of the API exposed via Terraform. Therefore, global variables help enable users to use Terraform samples not as snippets but as direct module references. By disallowing global variables, we disable this avenue of customization. This reduces the risk of users developing code that is accidentally dependent on our samples.

Instead of including global variables, hard code the resource names and parameter values.

Local variables are allowed in Terraform samples because local variables are an internal implementation and therefore aren’t part of the API exposed via Terraform. See local variables.

Local variables

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets

Use local variables to reuse a common string 3 or more times that is not accessible as a resource reference.

See No Global Variables for further explanation.

Resource references

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Instead of duplicating know values, refer to already-defined resources.

For example, the target argument is referring to a google_compute_target_ssl_proxy resource called default to get the id attribute of that resource.

resource "google_compute_global_forwarding_rule" "default" { 
  target = google_compute_target_ssl_proxy.default.id # Reference to already defined resource in the sample

  # Other resource arguments ...
}

Terraform Google Provider version

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

When your sample contains a new resource, add the required minimum Terraform Google Provider version corresponding to which provider version introduced a resource. For example, google_apigee_nat_address was added in version 4.37, so the minimum version is 4.37. To specify a minimum version in a sample, include the provider requirements, as follows:

terraform {
  required_providers {
    google = {
      source = "hashicorp/google"
      version = "~= 4.37.0"
    }
  }
}

To determine when a resource was added, see the following pages:

Provider argument

Applies to: ✂︎ Snippets, 🧩 Patterns

Add the provider argument if the resource is from provider google-beta.

resource "google_<resource_name>" "default" {
  provider = google-beta

  # Other resource arguments ...
}

Fields and resources that are only present in google-beta are clearly marked in the provider documentation.

How to use this Guide

Last modified October 20, 2023: Apply exception notes to broad sample guidelines (cbb333f)

Effective Samples

Introduction

Principles

Sample Categories

Metadata

Region tags

Each region identifier

When to use region tags

Changing region tags

Snippet Structure

Imports

One snippet per file

Snippet description

Minimal arguments

Process the result

Arrange, Act, Assert

No CLIs

Code

Language compatibility

Useful comments

Authentication

Initializing Clients

Cyclomatic Complexity

Error Handling

Linting

Portability

Testing

Coverage

Dedicated testing per snippet

Language-specific practices

Easy run function

Easy run function

Named entrypoint

Testing practices

Don’t use null_resource

No global variables

Local variables

Resource references

Terraform Google Provider version

Provider argument

How to use this Guide

Don’t use `null_resource`